a map made from a photograph of the earth's surface taken from the air by airplane moving in a systematic pattern at a given altitude
a substance having metallic properties, and composed of two or more chemical elements, of which at least one is a metal
adding substances to soil to improve its quality, i.e. fertilizer, potassium, lime
a mold of blister copper; in an electrolytic cell, carries the positive charge
the processing of ores for the purpose of regulating the size of a desired product, removing unwanted constituents, and improving the quality, quantity, or concentration of a desired product
fertilizer made from human waste products
a property of certain metals and alloys (e.g. copper and brass) which inhibits or retards the growth of bacteria
an alloy of copper and zinc
an alloy of copper and tin and sometimes, other elements
a phase of some human cultures, usually after the Stone Age and before the Iron Age, characterized by bronze tools and weapons; this phase in Europe and western Asia spans 3500-100 BC
a flat plate of 99.99+% pure copper; in an electrolytic cell, carries the negative charge
Charles I, King of the Franks and Germany (768-814) and Holy Roman Emperor (800-814); ruled most of what are now France, Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Austria; made Christianity compulsory throughout his realm; promoted education, agriculture, the arts, manufacturing, and commerce
another name for King Khufu, second king of the 4th dynasty of Egypt (2575c. — 2465 BC); builder of the Great Pyramid of Egypt at Giza
basic items or staple products, as of agriculture or mining that are bought or sold
the metal-rich product of the beneficiation process that is fed to the smelter
the process of removing impurities from milled ore using reagents, agitation, and flotation
a property of copper that allows electricity and heat to pass easily through or along it
period of time in various civilizations between the Stone Age and the Bronze Age when man discovered and used copper to make useful implements and weapons
the ability of a material to withstand the influence of outside forces, such as humidity and salt water, without breaking down
homogeneous solid body of a chemical element, compound, or isomorphous mixture, having a regularly repeating atomic arrangement that may be outwardly expressed by plane faces
recurring; moving in cycles
island in the eastern Mediterranean Sea near Turkey; the main source of copper for the ancient world; copper is named for Cyprus from Cyprium, metal from Cyprus, and cuprum, Late Latin for copper; still produces copper for export
AD 476 to 1000; the Middle Ages
collection of Hebrew and Aramaic manuscripts discovered since 1947 in a series of caves in Jordan at the northwest end of the Dead Sea; include manuals of discipline, hymnbooks, Biblical commentaries as well as fragments of every book in the Old Testament except the book of Esther
a property of a substance that allows it to be stretched before breaking
a process using electricity in which smelted copper anodes, submerged in a sulfuric acid solution, are depleted of their copper, which is then plated onto starter sheets to form a pure copper cathode
a process using electricity in which copper in an electrolyte solution is plated onto a starter sheet to form a pure copper cathode
a substance that cannot be decomposed into other substances except by radioactive decay and whose atoms all have the same atomic number
substances discharged into the air (as by a smokestack or an automobile gasoline engine)
the complex of factors (climate, physical location, biologic circumstance, etc.) that act upon an organism in an ecological community and ultimately determine its form and survival
the process of using chemicals, air, and movement to separate copper from its host rock
the study of the planet Earth — the materials of which it is made, the processes that act on these materials, the products formed, and the history of the planet and its life forms since its origin
the part of the subsurface water that is in the zone of saturation, including underground streams
the place or type of site where a plant or animal naturally or normally lives and grows
a process by which a mineral is extracted from ore using liquids
an increase in the volume of money and credit relative to available goods resulting in a substantial and continuing rise in the general price level
reversible exchange of ions contained in a crystal for different ions in a solution without destroying the crystal structure or disturbing electrical neutrality
a structure consisting of ore through which a liquid solution is percolated to remove a desired substance (for example copper from a copper oxide ore)
a solution used in the solution extraction process that has been mixed with pregnant leach solution (PLS) and has picked up the copper from the PLS
a property of a substance that allows it to be bent or shaped
a naturally formed chemical element or compound that has a specific chemical composition and most commonly, a characteristic crystal form
a lead-gray mineral MoS2 found in porphyry deposits, the principal ore of molybdenum; used to strengthen steel
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Mine Safety and Health Administration; enforces compliance with mandatory safety and health standards; eliminates fatal accidents; reduces the frequency and severity of non-fatal accidents; minimizes health hazards; promotes improved safety and health conditions in the nation's mines
copper found as an element uncombined with other substances
an industrial material or capacity (as a mineral deposit or waterpower) supplied or available in nature
substance that has value as nourishment
a mineral substance found in such concentration as to make it economically feasible to mine; e.g. copper ore
the origin of an ore
a substance developed to help remove copper from pregnant leach solution (PLS)
Occupational Safety and Health Administration whose mission is to save lives, prevent injuries, and protect the health of America's workers; most working men and women in the United States come under OSHA's jurisdiction
material which has no present economic value and which must be removed to uncover and extract an ore body
the process of combining with oxygen
a mineral substance created when other minerals are exposed to oxygen
the slow action of water through small openings within a porous material; used in heap leaching at a copper mine to remove copper from ore
an igneous rock of any composition that contains large and small grains in the same mass; Arizona's copper deposits are typically copper porphyry deposits
a liquid full of copper that has been percolated out of oxide ore
process by which a mineral is extracted from ore concentrates using heat
the acid-water mixture that has had its load of copper stripped from it and that is recycled to the leach pile or leach pad of oxide ore and sprinkled on the ore to remove the copper
a substance used in preparing a product for processing because of its chemical or biological properties
(in economics) a period of reduced economic activity; (in geology) the continuing landward movement of a shoreline undergoing erosion
the process of reestablishing stable soils and vegetation in disturbed areas
to process a material in order to regain it for a reuse
the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe in the 14th to 16th centuries based on classical sources; it began in Italy spreading gradually to other countries and marked the transition from the medieval world to the modern
the reintroduction of plants to an area that has become barren; the process often requires that fertilizers and other amendments be added to the area to make it possible for new plants to grow
in the SX/EW process liquid containing upgraded copper that has been stripped from loaded organic on its way to further processing in electrowinning
circular rotating drum that uses steel rods (rather that steel balls) to help break up ore
a manufacturing plant to which cathode copper is sent, melted, and drawn into ¼” rod, which is then sent to other manufacturers to be made into such items as copper wire
a chemical process (sometimes called solvent extraction) by which pregnant leach solution (PLS) gives up its copper
a chemical process (sometimes called solution extraction) by which pregnant leach solution (PLS) gives up its copper
a glassy waste of the smelting of ores; a mixture of impurities that separates from reduced metal during smelting, rise to the top of the furnace, and upon removal and cooling, commonly become partly glassy in character
a watery mixture of a fine, insoluble material such as milled rocks and minerals
the chemical reduction of metal-bearing material such as ore, most commonly by a process involving fusion, so that lighter and more fusible impurities can be removed; the process involves addition of reagents (fluxes) that help chemical reactions take place and aid in the separation of metals from impurities
a thin sheet of copper, stainless steel, or titanium, onto which copper is plated from an anode in the electrorefining and from rich electrolyte in the electrowinning processes
a mineral compound characterized by the presence of sulfur with a metal
a naturally occurring nonmetallic element whose symbol is S; some forms of sulfur readily react with metals to form sulfide minerals; e.g. chalcopyrite
a heavy, pungent, toxic gas SO2 that is easily condensed to a colorless liquid, used especially to make sulfuric acid
a heavy, corrosive, oily, dibasic, strong acid H2SO4 that is colorless when pure and is a vigorous oxidizing and dehydrating agent
the waste materials that result from the beneficiation of ore and that are too poor in quality to be further processed
an area for tailings disposal
in electrorefining the building in which copper is plated onto starter sheets from copper anodes to form cathode copper; in solution-extraction/electrowinning the buildings in which copper is removed from pregnant leach solution (PLS) or in which copper is plated from rich electrolyte onto starter sheets to form cathode copper
developed the alternating current (AC) system of electricity, which increased the demand for copper used as a conductor of electricity
a large tank into which copper concentrate or tailings are pumped to allow the solid materials to settle from the liquids so that the liquids may be reused and the volume of solids is more manageable
made of materials produced by volcanoes; action of a volcano
established the Warren Mining District in Bisbee, Arizona; later lost his share betting he could outrun a horse over a 100-yard course; generally accepted as the miner who is represented on the State Seal of Arizona
land or areas (tidal flats or swamps) containing much soil moisture |
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